Chemical Contents, Plant Disease and Biopharmaceutical Applications of Persea americana Mill.: Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Values
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1071/ejmbs.v5i1.33Keywords:
Persea americana, Plant disease, Biological activity, PharmacologyAbstract
The discovery of active substances in plants has positioned pharmacology as one of the most rapidly developing fields. The fundamental reason for the widespread use of plants lies in the human fascination with natural products. This study compiles the traditional uses, biological activities, cosmetic industry applications, plant diseases, chemical composition, phenolic content, and total phenolic and total flavonoid values of Persea americana. In traditional usage, the fruit portion of the avocado has been predominantly favored. Its applications, particularly in the realm of skincare, are widespread within the cosmetic industry. A primary factor contributing to this prevalence is the avocado's high vitamin E content. Evaluations of biological activity studies indicate a significant value in terms of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Literature reviews reveal that the majority of research on plant diseases focuses on fungal conditions, which are also noted to cause substantial economic losses. It has been observed that the major components in the chemical content of the leaf part of the avocado plant are estragole, β-caryophyllene, 2-(8Z,11Z)-8,11-heptadecadiene-furan, and methyl eugenol. A review of the literature reveals that the common phenolic compounds found in the seed, fruit, and leaf parts of the avocado plant include rutin, procyanidin, catechin, caffeic acid, epicatechin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, and vanillic acid. It is believed that our study will contribute to future research on avocado and other tropical products, particularly in the field of pharmacology.
References
Abd Elkader, A. M., Labib, S., Taha, T. F., Althobaiti, F., Aldhahrani, A., Salem, H. M., Ibrahim, F. M. (2022). Phytogenic compounds from avocado (Persea americana L.) extracts; antioxidant activity, amylase inhibitory activity, therapeutic potential of type 2 diabetes. Saudi J Biol Sci, 29(3), 1428-1433.
Adaramola, B., Onigbinde, A., Shokunbi, O. (2016). Physiochemical properties and antioxidant potential of Persea Americana seed oil. Chem Int, 2(3), 168-175.
Agrios, G. N. (2005). Vascular wilts caused by ascomycetes and deuteromycetes (mitosporic fungi). Plant Pathol, 5th ed.; Elsevier Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 522-530.
Ajayi, O., Awala, S., Olalekan, O., Alabi, O. (2017). Evaluation of antimicrobial potency and phytochemical screening of Persea americana leaf extracts against selected bacterial and fungal isolates of clinical importance. Microbiol Res J Int, 20(1), 1-11.
Akgul, H., Korkmaz, N., Dayangaç, A., Sevindik, M. (2020). Antioxidant potential of endemic Salvia absconditiflora. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 8(10), 2222-2224.
Akinsanmi, O. A., Neal, J., Drenth, A., Topp, B. (2017). Characterization of accessions and species of Macadamia to stem infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Plant Pathol, 66(2), 186-193.
Amado, D. A. V., Helmann, G. A. B., Detoni, A. M., Carvalho, S. L. C. D., Aguiar, C. M. D., Martin, C. A., Cottica, S. M. (2019). Antioxidant and antibacterial activity and preliminary toxicity analysis of four varieties of avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Braz J Food Technol, 22, e2018044.
Ameer, K. (2016). Avocado as a major dietary source of antioxidants and its preventive role in neurodegenerative diseases. BNPND, 337-354.
Arjona-Girona, I., López-Herrera, C. J. (2018). Study of a new biocontrol fungal agent for avocado white root rot. Biol Control, 117, 6-12.
Arjona-Girona, I., Vinale, F., Ruano-Rosa, D., Lorito, M., López-Herrera, C. J. (2014). Effect of metabolites from different Trichoderma strains on the growth of Rosellinia necatrix, the causal agent of avocado white root rot. Eur J Plant Pathol, 140, 385-397.
Arjona-López, J. M., Capote, N., Melero-Vara, J. M., López-Herrera, C. J. (2020). Control of avocado white root rot by chemical treatments with fluazinam in avocado orchards. Crop Prot, 131, 105100.
Avalos-Viveros, M., Santolalla-Vargas, C. E., Santes-Hernández, V. F., Martínez-Flores, H. E., Torres-García, E., López-Meza, J. E. García-Pérez, M. E. (2023). Valorization of avocado peels by conventional extraction and hydrothermal carbonization for cosmeceutical applications. Sustain Chem Pharm, 36, 101335.
Awaad, M. M., Mahmoud, E. A. M., Khalil, E. M., Hanafy, E. A. (2023). Biochemical assessment of Persea americana leaves extracts: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic effects. Egypt J Chem, 66(5), 169-179.
Bara, G. T., Laing, M. D. (2020). Entomopathogens: potential to control thrips in avocado, with special reference to Beauveria bassiana. Hortic Rev, 47, 325-368.
Belisle, R. J., Hao, W., McKee, B., Arpaia, M. L., Manosalva, P., Adaskaveg, J. E. (2019). New oomycota fungicides with activity against Phytophthora cinnamomi and their potential use for managing avocado root rot in California. Plant Dis, 103(8), 2024-2032.
Belizaire, C. M., Gañán-Betancur, L., Gazis, R. (2024). Avocado scab caused by Elsinoe perseae: a diagnostic guide. PHP, 25(2), 218-225.
Bhore, S. J., Ochoa, D. S., Al Houssari, A., Zelaya, A. L., Yang, R., Chen, Z., Et, A. (2021). The avocado (Persea americana Mill.): a review and sustainability perspectives. ResearchGate, (12), 1-50.
Cabi, E. (2008). Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae.[Distribution map]. Distribution maps of plant diseases. October (edition 1) map, 1043.
Chaiyasut, C., Kesika, P., Sirilun, S., Makhamrueang, N., Peerajan, S., Sivamaruthi, B. S. (2019). Influence of extraction process on yield, total phenolic content, and antioxidant properties of avocado (Persea americana mill.) oil and stability assessment. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 12, 391-396.
Che-Galicia, G., Váquiro-Herrera, H. A., Sampieri, Á., Corona-Jiménez, E. (2020). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill. var. Drymifolia): Optimization and modeling. Int J Chem React Eng, 18(7), 20200023.
Çömlekçioğlu, N., Korkmaz, N., Yüzbaşıoğlu, M. A., Uysal, İ., Sevindik, M. (2024). Mistletoe (Loranthus europaeus Jacq.): antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticholinesterase activities. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22(3), 164-169.
D’Souza, N. K., Colquhoun, I. J., Sheared, B. L., Hardy, G. S. J. (2005). Assessing the potential for biological control of Phytophthora cinnamomi by fifteen native Western Australian jarrah-forest legume species. Australas Plant Pathol, 34, 533-540.
Dabas, D., M Shegog, R., R Ziegler, G., D Lambert, J. (2013). Avocado (Persea americana) seed as a source of bioactive phytochemicals. Curr Pharm Des, 19(34), 6133-6140.
Dal-Bó, V., Freire, J. T. (2022). Effects of lyophilization on colorimetric indices, phenolics content, and antioxidant activity of avocado (Persea americana) pulp. Food Control, 132, 108526.
Dang, K. T., Hoang, T. T., Bui, T. T. D., Luc, T. T. H., Nguyen, T. T., Bui, S. N., Bui, T. T. (2019). Evaluating the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of Persea americana extracts. MPS, 35(1), 19-30.
Dann, E. K., Gazis, R. (2024). Foliar, fruit and soilborne diseases. In The avocado: botany, production and uses (pp. 481-547). GB: CABI.
Dann, E.K. Ploettz R.C., Coates M.M., Pegg K.G. (2013). Foliar, fruit and soilborne diseases. In: Schaffer B, Wolstenholme BN, Whiley AW (Eds.) The avocado: Botany, production and uses. Wall¬ingford, UK. CAB Intl Press, pp. 380-423.
Deuschle, V. C. K. N., Cruz, R. D., Flores, V. C., Denardi, L. B., Deuschle, R. A. N., Rossi, G. G., Viana, C. (2019). Persea americana: Phenolic profile, antioxidant potential, antimicrobial activity and in silico prediction of pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. Indian J Pharm Sci, 81(4), 766-775.
Dewi, R. H. T. M., Sholihah, N., Nofitasari, R., Adhityasmara, D.,Shabrina, A. (2024). The Potential of Avocado Oil for Topical Use: A Narrative Review. JIFFC, 21(1), 106-114.
Di Stefano, V., Avellone, G., Bongiorno, D., Indelicato, S., Massenti, R., Lo Bianco, R. (2017). Quantitative evaluation of the phenolic profile in fruits of six avocado (Persea americana) cultivars by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-heated electrospray-mass spectrometry. Int J Food Prop, 20(6), 1302-1312.
Dibacto, R. E. K., Tchuente, B. R. T., Nguedjo, M. W., Tientcheu, Y. M. T., Nyobe, E. C., Edoun, F. L. E., Medoua, G. N. (2021). Total polyphenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity of some varieties of Persea americana peels consumed in Cameroon. Sci World J, 2021(1), 8882594.
Ding, H., Chin, Y. W., Kinghorn, A. D., D’Ambrosio, S. M. (2007). Chemopreventive characteristics of avocado fruit. In Seminars in cancer biology (Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 386-394). Academic Press.
Douhan, G. W., Fuller, E., McKee, B., Pond, E. (2011). Genetic diversity analysis of avocado (Persea americana Miller) rootstocks selected under greenhouse conditions for tolerance to phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Euphytica, 182, 209-217.
Duarte, P. F., Chaves, M. A., Borges, C. D., Mendonça, C. R. B. (2016). Avocado: characteristics, health benefits and uses. Cienc Rural, 46(4), 747-754.
Egbuonu, A. C. C., Opara, I. C., Onyeabo, C., Uchenna, N. O. (2018). Proximate, functional, antinutrient and antimicrobial properties of avocado pear (Persea americana) Seeds. JNHFE, 8(2), 00260.
Ekom, S. E., Kuete, V. (2022). Methanol extract from the seeds of Persea americana displays antibacterial and wound healing activities in rat model. J Ethnopharmacol, 282, 114573.
El-Chaghaby, G. A., Mohammed, F. S., Rashad, S., Uysal, I., Koçer, O., Lekesiz, Ö., Dogan, M., Şabik, A.E., Sevindik, M. (2024). Genus Hypericum: General properties, chemical contents and biological activities. Egyptian Journal of Botany, 64(1), 1-26.
Elosaily, A., Mahrous, E. A., Salama, A., Elzalabani, S. (2021). Correlation between Genetic Variability, Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Isolated from Avocado Cultivars Grown in Egypt. Egypt J Chem, 64(11), 6155-6159.
Fan, S., Qi, Y., Shi, L., Giovani, M., Zaki, N. A. A., Guo, S., Suleria, H. A. R. (2022). Screening of phenolic compounds in rejected avocado and determination of their antioxidant potential. Processes, 10(9), 1747.
Farooq, Q. U. A., McComb, J., Hardy, G. E. S. J., Burgess, T. (2023). Soil amendments and suppression of Phytophthora root rot in avocado (Persea americana). Australas Plant Pathol, 52(1), 1-11.
Ferreira da Vinha, A., Moreira, J., Barreira, S. (2013). Physicochemical parameters, phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of the algarvian avocado (Persea americana Mill.). J Agric Sci, 5(12), 100-109.
Fischer, I. H., Firmino, A. C. (2023). Main disease of avocado in Brazil. Revisão Anual De Patologia De Plantas, 29, 106-130.
Folasade, O. A., Olaide, R. A., Olufemi, T. A. (2016). Antioxidant properties of Persea americana M. seed as affected by different extraction solvent. JAFST, 3(2), 101-106.
García‐Rodríguez, Y. M., Torres‐Gurrola, G., Meléndez‐González, C., Espinosa‐García, F. J. (2016). Phenotypic variations in the foliar chemical profile of Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass. Chem Biodiversity, 13(12), 1767-1775.
Granados-Echegoyen, C., Pérez-Pacheco, R., Alonso-Hernández, N., Vásquez-López, A., Lagunez-Rivera, L., Rojas-Olivos, A. (2015). Chemical characterization and mosquito larvicidal activity of essential oil from leaves of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Asian Pac J Trop Dis, 5(6), 463-467.
Gürgen, A., Sevindik, M. (2022). Application of artificial neural network coupling multiobjective particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize Pleurotus ostreatus extraction parameters. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(11), e16949.
Gürgen, A., Sevindik, M., Krupodorova, T., Uysal, I., Unal, O. (2024). Biological activities of Hypericum spectabile extract optimized using artificial neural network combined with genetic algorithm application. BMC biotechnology, 24(1), 83.
Haberman, A., Tsror, L., Lazare, S., Hazanovsky, M., Lebiush, S., Zipori, I., Dag, A. (2020). Management of verticillium wilt of avocado using tolerant rootstocks. Plants, 9(4), 531.
Hardham, A. R., Blackman, L. M. (2018). Phytophthora cinnamomi. Mol Plant Pathol, 19(2), 260-285.
Henning, S. M., Guzman, J. B., Thames, G., Yang, J., Tseng, C. H., Heber, D., Li, Z. (2022). Avocado Consumption Increased Skin Elasticity and Firmness in Women‐A Pilot Study. J Cosmet Dermatol, 21(9), 4028-4034.
Hoddle, M. S., Morse, J., Stouthamer, R., Humeres, E., Jeong, G., Roltsch, W., Witney, G. W. (2005). Avocado lace bug in California. CASY, 88, 67-79.
Hürkul, M. M., Sarıaltın, S. Y., Köroğlu, A., Çoban, T. (2021). In vitro inhibitory potential of avocado fruits, Persea americana (Lauraceae) against oxidation, inflammation and key enzymes linked to skin diseases. Rev Biol Trop, 69(2), 472-481.
Hurtado-Fernández, E., Fernández-Gutiérrez, A., Carrasco-Pancorbo, A. (2018). Avocado fruit—Persea americana. In Exotic fruits (pp. 37-48). Academic Press.
Idris, S., Ndukwe, G., Gimba, C. (2009). Preliminary phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of seed extracts of Persea americana (avocado pear). BAJOPAS, 2(1), 173-176.
Isah, A., Odia, A. E., Obrifor, E. E., Ikhenemue, O. O., Suleiman, A. (2024). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant investigation of Persea americana. GVU Journal of Science, GVU-J. SHT, 9(1), 62-69.
Isromarina, R., Rusli, D., Sari, D. U. (2022). Antioxidant activity, total flavonoid, and total tannin content of ethanol extract of avocado peel (Persea americana Mill.). JIF, 169-174.
Jiménez-Arellanes, A., Luna-Herrera, J., Ruiz-Nicolás, R., Cornejo-Garrido, J., Tapia, A., Yépez-Mulia, L. (2013). Antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of Persea americana seeds. BMC Complement Altern Med, 13, 1-5.
Jones, R. W., Illescas-Riquelme, C., López-Martínez, V., Bautista-Martínez, N., O'Brien, C. W. (2019). Emergent and possible invasive pest species of weevils in Mexico. Fla Entomol, 102(3), 480-485.
Jung, T., Colquhoun, I. J., & Hardy, G. S. J. (2013). New insights into the survival strategy of the invasive soilborne pathogen P hytophthora cinnamomi in different natural ecosystems in Western A ustralia. For Pathol, 43(4), 266-288.
Kamagate, M., Koffi, E., Kadja, A. B., Camille, K., Balayssac, E., Daubrey-Potey, T., Die-Kacou, H. M. (2016). Acute toxicity and hypoglycaemic activity of the leaf extracts of Persea americana Mill.(Lauraceae) in Wistar rats. Afr J Pharmacy Pharmacol, 10(33), 690-698.
Kavaz, D., Ogbonna, C. (2019). Comparative study of biological activity and chemical composition of methanolic and ethanolic plant extracts of Persea americana leaves in-vitro. EJOSAT, (17), 261-270.
Kendir, G., Köroğlu, A. (2018). Evaluation of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) leaves in terms of public health. J Pharm Res, 22(3).
Kendra, P. E., Montgomery, W. S., Niogret, J., Peña, J. E., Capinera, J. L., Brar, G., Heath, R. R. (2011). Attraction of the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, to avocado, lychee, and essential oil lures. J Chem Ecol, 37, 932-942.
Kibwage, P., Avedi, E., Kipkoech, H., Muthomi, E., Oronje, M., Macharia, I., Mutui, T. (2023). First report of Avocado sunblotch viroid in avocado in Kenya. New Dis Rep, 48(1).
Kimaru, K. S., Muchemi, K. P., Mwangi, J. W. (2020). Effects of anthracnose disease on avocado production in Kenya. Cogent Food Agric, 6(1), 1799531.
Kına, E., Uysal, İ., Mohammed, F. S., Doğan, M., Sevindik, M. (2021). In-vitro antioxidant and oxidant properties of Centaurea rigida. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 9(10), 1905-1907.
Korsten, L., Kotzé, J. M. (1985). Bacterial canker of avocado. SAAGAY, 8, 63-65.
Kosińska, A., Karamac, M., Estrella, I., Hernández, T., Bartolomé, B., Dykes, G. A. (2012). Phenolic compound profiles and antioxidant capacity of Persea americana Mill. peels and seeds of two varieties. JAFC, 60(18), 4613-4619.
Krupodorova, T., Barshteyn, V., Al-Maali, G., Sevindik, M. (2022). Requirements for vegetative growth of Hohenbuehelia myxotricha and its antimycotic activity. Pol J Nat Sci, 37(1).
Kuhn, D. N., Geering, A. D., Dixon, J. (2017). Avocado sunblotch viroid. In Viroids and satellites (pp. 297-305). AP.
Kupnik, K., Primožič, M., Kokol, V., Knez, Ž., Leitgeb, M. (2023). Enzymatic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of bioactive compounds from avocado (Persea americana L.) seeds. Plants, 12(5), 1201.
Larijani, K., Rustaiyan, A., Abroomand Azar, P., Nematollahi, F., Taban, S. (2010). Composition of essential oil of leaves of Persea americana cultivated in Iran. Chem Nat Compd, 46, 489-490.
Leite, J. J. G., Brito, É. H. S., Cordeiro, R. A., Brilhante, R. S. N., Sidrim, J. J. C., Bertini, L. M., Rocha, M. F. G. (2009). Chemical composition, toxicity and larvicidal and antifungal activities of Persea americana (avocado) seed extracts. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 42, 110-113.
Loh, Z. H., Lim, Y. Y. (2018). Drying effects on antioxidant activity, enzyme activity, and phytochemicals of avocado (Persea americana) leaves. JFPP, 42(10), e13667.
López-Herrera, C. J. (1989). Podredumbres radiculares del aguacate en la Costa del Sol. Años 1987-88. Estudios de Fitopatología. SEF/DGIEA, Badajoz, 172-176.
Makopa, M., Mangiza, B., Banda, B., Mozirandi, W., Mombeshora, M., Mukanganyama, S. (2020). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antidiabetic effects of leaf extracts from Persea americana Mill.(Lauraceae). Biochem Res Int, 2020(1), 8884300.
Marais, L. J. (2004). Avocado diseases of major importance worldwide and their management. In Diseases of fruits and vegetables: volume II: diagnosis and management (pp. 1-36). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Márquez-Santos, M., Hernández-Lauzardo, A. N., Castrejón-Gómez, V. R. (2020). States of phenological development of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) based on the BBCH scale extended and its relationship to the incidence of anthracnose in field conditions. Sci Hortic, 271, 109379.
Melgar, B., Dias, M. I., Ciric, A., Sokovic, M., Garcia-Castello, E. M., Rodriguez-Lopez, A. D., Ferreira, I. C. (2018). Bioactive characterization of Persea americana Mill. by-products: A rich source of inherent antioxidants. Ind Crop Prod, 111, 212-218.
Michua-Cedillo, J., Téliz-Ortíz, D., Ochoa-Ascencio, S., Rodríguez-Guzmán, M. D. P., Alarcón, A., León, C. D., Vázquez-Marrufo, G. (2024). Armillaria gallica associated with avocado root rot in Michoacán. RMF, 42(2).
Mohammed, F. S., Kına, E., Uysal, I., Sevindik, M. (2023b). Total phenolic, flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Hesperis pendula. Prospect Pharm Sci, 21(2), 57-61.
Mohammed, F. S., Sevindik, M., Uysal, I. (2023c). Total phenolic, flavonoid, protein contents and biological activities of wild mustard. Acta Aliment, 52(3), 449-457.
Mohammed, F. S., Sevindik, M., Uysal, İ., Çesko, C., Koraqi, H. (2024). Chemical Composition, Biological Activities, Uses, Nutritional and Mineral Contents of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum). Meas: Food, 100157.
Mohammed, F. S., Sevindik, M., Uysal, I., Sevindik, E., Akgül, H. (2022). A natural material for suppressing the effects of oxidative stress: biological activities of Alcea kurdica. Biology Bulletin, 49(Suppl 2), S59-S66.
Mohammed, F. S., Uysal, I., Sevindik, M. (2023a). A review on antiviral pants effective against different virus types. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21(2), 1-21.
Mohammed, F. S., Uysal, İ., Sevindik, E., Sevindik, M. S. (2023d). Genus Ocimum in Terms of Mineral, Nutrient, Chemical Contents and Biological Activity. JMBFS, 13(3), e9781-e9781.
Möller, H., Slippers, B., van den Berg, N. (2025). Branch canker battles: understanding and managing the Botryosphaeriaceae in avocado. Phytoparasitica, 53(1), 1-25.
Morales-García, J. L., López-Cornejo, C. I., Pedraza-Santos, M. E., Chávez-Bárcenas, A. T., Esquivel-Miguel, E., García-Morales, S., Pineda-Guillermo, S. (2023). Morpho-molecular identification of the causal agent of avocado scab in Michoacán. RMF, 41(2), 182-202.
Munthe, S. W. N., Riskianto, R., Juvi, D., Novia, J. (2023). Antioxidant, Total Phenolic, and Total Flavonoid of 70% Ethanol Extract of Avocado Seeds (Persea americana Mill.). PJ, 15(4).
Myung, N. Y., Kim, S. J. (2019). The Beneficial Effect of Avocado on Skin Inflammation in a Mouse Model of AD-like Skin Lesions. Korean J Plant Res, 32(6), 705-713.
Nasri, C., Halabi, Y., Aghzaf, S., Nounah, I., Brunel, M., Oubihi, A., Tabyaoui, M. (2022). Seven Persea americana varieties essential oils comparison: Chemical composition, toxicity, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol, 44, 102468.
Ni, J., Mahdavi, B., Ghezi, S. (2019). Chemical composition, antimicrobial, hemolytic, and antiproliferative activity of essential oils from Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & Mey. JEOBP, 22(6), 1562-1570.
Niogret, J., Epsky, N. D., Schnell, E. Q., Schnell, R. J., Heath, R. R., Meerow, A. W., Kendra, P. E. (2013). Analysis of sesquiterpene distributions in the leaves, branches, and trunks of avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Am J Plant Sci, 4(4), 922-931.
Nwaoguikpe, R. N., Braide, W., Ujowundu, C. O. (2011). Biochemical composition and antimicrobial activities of seed extracts of avocado (Persea americana). JMA, 3(7), 184-190.
Ogunbinu, A. O., Ogunwandeb, I. A., Flaminid, G., Cionid, P. L. (2007). Volatile compounds of Persea americana Mill from Nigeria. JEOBP, 10(2), 133-138.
Ogundare, A. O., Oladejo, B. O. (2014). Antibacterial activities of the leaf and bark extract of Persea americana. AJEthno, 1(1), 64-71.
Ovalle Marín, A., Parra Ruiz, C., Rivas Zambrano, F., Orellana, J., García Díaz, D., Jiménez Patiño, P. (2020). Characterization of Persea americana Mill. peels And Leaves Extracts and Analysis Of Its Potential In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Bol latinoam Caribe plantas med aromát, 19(4), 395-407.
Owolabi, M. A., Coker, H. A. B., Jaja, S. I. (2010). Bioactivity of the phytoconstituents of the leaves of Persea americana. J Med Plant Res, 4(12), 1130-1135.
Pahua-Ramos, M. E., Ortiz-Moreno, A., Chamorro-Cevallos, G., Hernández-Navarro, M. D., Garduño-Siciliano, L., Necoechea-Mondragón, H., Hernández-Ortega, M. (2012). Hypolipidemic effect of avocado (Persea americana Mill) seed in a hypercholesterolemic mouse model. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 67, 10-16.
Paniagua-Zambrana, N. Y., Bussmann, R. W., Romero, C. (2020). Persea americana Mill. Lauraceae. Ethnobotany of the Andes, 1-7.
Pehlivan, M., Mohammed, F. S., Şabik, A. E., Kına, E., Dogan, M., Yumrutaş, Ö., Sevindik, M. (2021). Some Biological activities of ethanol extract of Marrubium globosum. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 9(6), 1129-1132.
Pérez-Jiménez, R. M. (2008). Significant avocado diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes. Eur J Plant Sci Biotechnol, 2(1), 1-24.
Perkins, M. L., Joyce, D. C., Coates, L. M. (2019). Possible contribution of impact injury at harvest to anthracnose expression in ripening avocado: A review. Sci Hortic, 246, 785-790.
Peterson, E. B., Orden, D. (2008). Avocado pests and avocado trade. AJAE, 90(2), 321-335.
Rahman, N., Sabang, S. M., Abdullah, R., Bohari, B. (2022). Antioxidant properties of the methanolic extract of avocado fruit peel (Persea americana Mill.) from Indonesia. JAPTR, 13(3), 166-170.
Rahwawati, J., Maryati, M., Yuliani, R. (2022). Cytotoxic and Antiproliferation Activity of n-Hexane Fraction of Avocado seed (Persea americana Mill.) on MCF7 cell. Pharm : j farm Indones, 19(1), 35-44.
Ramírez-Gil, J. G., Morales-Osorio, J. G. (2020). Integrated proposal for management of root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in avocado cv. Hass crops. Crop prot, 137, 105271.
Ramírez-Gil, J. G., Morales-Osorio, J. G. (2021). Proposal for integrated management of verticillium wilt disease in avocado cultivar Hass crops. Agron, 11(10), 1932.
Ranade, S. S., Thiagarajan, P. (2015). A review on Persea Americana Mill.(Avocado)-Its fruit and oil. Int. J. PharmTech Res, 8(6), 72-77.
Risnata, R. P., Hidayati, A. R. (2024). Determination of Total Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Avocado Stem Bark (Persea americana Mill) Ethanol Extract in Inhibiting DPPH. JBT, 24(4), 877-886.
Roberts, J. M., Jooste, A. E., Pretorius, L. S., Geering, A. D. (2023). Surveillance for avocado sunblotch viroid utilizing the European honey bee (Apis mellifera). Phytopathol, 113(3), 559-566.
Rosero, J. C., Cruz, S., Osorio, C., Hurtado, N. (2019). Analysis of phenolic composition of byproducts (seeds and peels) of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cultivated in Colombia. Molecules, 24(17), 3209.
Rotta, E. M., de Morais, D. R., Biondo, P. B. F., dos Santos, V. J., Matsushita, M., Visentainer, J. V. (2016). Use of avocado peel (Persea americana) in tea formulation: a functional product containing phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Acta Sci Technol, 38(1), 23-29.
Şabik, A. E., Mohammed, F. S., Sevindik, M., Uysal, I., Bal, C. (2024). Gallic acid: derivatives and biosynthesis, pharmacological and therapeutic effect, biological activity. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Food Science and Technology, 81(1), 18-27.
Sagrero‐Nieves, L., Bartley, J. P. (1995). Volatile components of avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill) from the Mexican race. JSFA, 67(1), 49-51.
Salgadoe, A. S. A., Robson, A. J., Lamb, D. W., Dann, E. K., Searle, C. (2018). Quantifying the severity of phytophthora root rot disease in avocado trees using image analysis. Remote Sens, 10(2), 226.
Saucedo Carabez, J. R., Téliz Ortiz, D., Vallejo Pérez, M. R., Beltrán Peña, H. (2019). The Avocado sunblotch viroid: An invisible foe of avocado. Viruses, 11(6), 491.
Schoeman, M. H., Kallideen, R. (2018). Cercospora spot on avocado-a preliminary report on the relook at the epidemiology of the pathogen. SGAAGA, 41, 86-91.
Seğmenoğlu, M. S., Koçer, O., Sevindik, M., Korkmaz, N., Yüzbaşıoğlu, M. A., Uysal, İ. (2024). Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antialzheimer Activities of Tagetes patula (Asteraceae). KSÜ Tarim Doğa Derg, 27(Ek Sayı 1 (Suppl 1)), 205-212.
Serrazina, S., Santos, C., Machado, H., Pesquita, C., Vicentini, R., Pais, M. S., Costa, R. (2015). Castanea root transcriptome in response to Phytophthora cinnamomi challenge. TGG, 11, 1-19.
Sevindik, M., Krupodorova, T., Sevindik, E., Koçer, O., Uysal, I., Ünal, O. (2025). Elaeagnus angustifolia L.: A Comprehensive Review of Its Biological Activities, Phenolic and Chemical Constituents, and Applications. Applied Fruit Science, 67(2), 70.
Sevindik, M., Akgul, H., Dogan, M., Akata, I., Selamoglu, Z. (2018). Determination of antioxidant, antimicrobial, DNA protective activity and heavy metals content of Laetiporus sulphureus. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(3), 1946-1952.
Sevindik, M., Mohammed, F. S., Uysal, I. (2023). Autism: plants with neuro-psychopharmacotherapeutic potential. Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21(3), 38-48.
Sevindik, M., Uysal, İ., Sevindik, E., Krupodorova, T., Koçer, O., Orhan, Ü. (2024a). Citrullus colocynthis (Bitter-apple): a comprehensive review on general properties, biological activities, phenolic and chemical contents. Not Sci Biol, 16(4), 12202-12202.
Sevindik, M., Yazar, M., Polat, A. O., Karatepe, H. K., Uysal, İ., Özdemir, B., Uysal, N. (2024b). MONKEY POX (M-Pox/MPXV): Epidemiology, transmission, clinical findings, treatment and herbal treatment. IJNPR, 15(4), 473-490.
Sharma, M., Kulshrestha, S. (2015). Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: an anthracnose causing pathogen of fruits and vegetables. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia, 12(2), 1233-1246.
Silva‐Rojas, H. V., Ávila‐Quezada, G. D. (2011). Phylogenetic and morphological identification of Colletotrichum boninense: a novel causal agent of anthracnose in avocado. Plant Pathol, 60(5), 899-908.
Soldera-Silva, A., Seyfried, M., Campestrini, L. H., Zawadzki-Baggio, S. F., Minho, A. P., Molento, M. B., Maurer, J. B. B. (2018). Assessment of anthelmintic activity and bio-guided chemical analysis of Persea americana seed extracts. Vet Parasitol, 251, 34-43.
Solís-Salas, L. M., Sierra-Rivera, C. A., Cobos-Puc, L. E., Ascacio-Valdés, J. A., Silva-Belmares, S. Y. (2021). Antibacterial potential by rupture membrane and antioxidant capacity of purified phenolic fractions of Persea americana leaf extract. Antibiotics, 10(5), 508.
Stephen, J., Radhakrishnan, M. (2022). Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit: Nutritional value, handling and processing techniques, and health benefits. JFPP, 46(12), e17207.
Sulistyani, N., Angelita, L., Nurkhasanah, N. (2022). Inhibitory Activity of Parsea americana Mill. Peels Extract and Fraction Containing Phenolic Compound Against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. J Pharm Sci Community, 19(1), 1-7.
Ten Hoopen, G. M., Krauss, U. (2006). Biology and control of Rosellinia bunodes, Rosellinia necatrix and Rosellinia pepo: a review. Crop prot, 25(2), 89-107.
Tessalonica, S., Roeslan, M. O. (2020). Effect of ethanol extracts from Persea americana leaves on HSC-3 proliferation. JIDA, 3(2), 65-70.
Torres, E., Álvarez-Acosta, C., del Pino, M., Wong, M. E., Boyero, J. R., Hernández-Suárez, E., Vela, J. M. (2023). Economic impact of the Persea mite in Spanish avocado crops. Agron, 13(3), 668.
Tripathi, P. C., Karunakaran, G., Sakthivel, T., Sankar, V., Senthilkumar, R., Muralidhara, S. R., Begane, N. (2014). Avocado cultivation in India. Bulletin, Central Horticultural Experiment Station Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Chettalli, Kodagu, Karnataka, 14.
Trujillo-Mayol, I., Badillo-Muñoz, G., Céspedes-Acuña, C., & Alarcón-Enos, J. (2020). The relationship between fruit size and phenolic and enzymatic composition of avocado byproducts (Persea americana mill.): The importance for biorefinery applications. Hortic, 6(4), 91.
Ukwubile, C. A., Makinde, A. O. (2024). Phytochemical contents, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anticancer activities of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) seed extract against MCF-7 and HMVII cancer cells. J Shahrekord Univ Med, 26(4), 173.
Uysal, I. (2023). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of Polycarpon tetraphyllum. Kuwait J Sci, 50 (3), 322-325.
Uysal, I., Koçer, O., Mohammed, F. S., Lekesiz, Ö., Doğan, M., Şabik, A. E., Sevindik, E., Gerçeker, F.Ö., Sevindik, M. (2023b). Pharmacological and nutritional properties: Genus Salvia. Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy, 11(2), 140-155.
Uysal, İ., Mohammed, F. S., Koçer, O., Doğan, M., Sevindik, M. (2023a). Antioxidant and oxidant status, DPPH activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of mountain tea (Sideritis libanotica subsp. kurdica (Bornm.) Hub.-Mor). IJCT, 7(1), 82-85.
Uysal, İ., Mohammed, F. S., Şabik, A. E., Kına, E., Sevindik, M. (2021). Antioxidant and Oxidant status of medicinal plant Echium italicum collected from different regions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 9(10), 1902-1904.
Uysal, İ., Mohammed, F. S., Sevindik, M. (2024). Genus Capparis: Chemical, nutritional composition and biological activity. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, 81, 367-386.
Valencia, A. L., Saavedra-Torrico, J., Rosales, I. M., Mártiz, J., Retamales, A., Link, A., Gil, P. M. (2022). Unveiling the predisposing factors for the development of branch canker and dieback in avocado: a case of study in Chilean orchards. Hortic, 8(12), 1121.
Valencia, A. L., Torres, R., Latorre, B. A. (2011). First report of Pestalotiopsis clavispora and Pestalotiopsis spp. causing postharvest stem end rot of avocado in Chile. Plant Dis, 95(4), 492-492.
Velázquez-del Valle, M. G., Campos-Martínez, A., Flores-Moctezuma, H. E., Suárez-Rodríguez, R., Ramírez-Trujillo, J. A., Hernández-Lauzardo, A. N. (2016). First report of avocado anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum karstii in Mexico. Plant Dis, 100(2), 534-534.
Vo, T. S., Le, P. U. (2019). Free radical scavenging and anti-proliferative activities of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) seed extract. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 9(3), 91-97.
Wang, L., Tao, L., Hao, L., Stanley, T. H., Huang, K. H., Lambert, J. D., Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2020). A moderate-fat diet with one avocado per day increases plasma antioxidants and decreases the oxidation of small, dense LDL in adults with overweight and obesity: a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr, 150(2), 276-284.
Weremfo, A., Adulley, F., Adarkwah-Yiadom, M. (2020). Simultaneous optimization of microwave‐assisted extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) seeds using response surface methodology. J Anal Methods Chem, 2020(1), 7541927.
Whiley, A. W., Schaffer, B., & Wolstenholme, B. N. (2002). The avocado: botany, production and uses. CABI Publishing.
Willingham, S. L., Cooke, A. W., Coates, L. M., Pegg, K. G. (2000). Pepper spot: a new preharvest Colletotrichum disease of avocado cv. Hass. Australas Plant Pathol, 29(2), 151-151.
Wolstenholme, B. N., Sheard, A. (2010). Integrated management of Phytophthora root rot the" Pegg wheel" updated. SAAGAAN, 175, 11-15.
Woolf, A., Wong, M., Eyres, L., McGhie, T., Lund, C., Olsson, S., Requejo-Jackman, C. (2009). Avocado oil. In Gourmet and health-promoting specialty oils (pp. 73-125). AOCS Press.
Yahia, E. M., Woolf, A. B. (2011). Avocado (Persea americana Mill.). In Postharvest biology and technology of tropical and subtropical fruits (pp. 125-186e). Woodhead Publishing.
Yamassaki, F. T., Campestrini, L. H., Zawadzki-Baggio, S. F., Maurer, J. B. B. (2017). Avocado leaves: Influence of drying process, thermal incubation, and storage conditions on preservation of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Int J Food Prop, 20(2), 2280-2293.
Yasir, M., Das, S., Kharya, M. D. (2010). The phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Persea americana Mill. Phcog Rev, 4(7), 77.
Yeoh, L. L., Lee, X. N., Lee, W. Y., Goh, B. H., Maran, S. (2024). Avocado Fruit and Leaf Bioactive Phytochemicals and Cosmeceutical Applications: A Scoping Review. J Pharm, 4(2), 186-208.
