Eurasian Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences

Chitosan: A Biodegradable and Biocompatible Carrier for Drug Delivery Systems

2025-01-29T19:40:12+03:00

Chitosan, a natural biopolymer generated from chitin, has attracted a lot of attention as a versatile carrier in drug delivery systems. The properties of chitosan which include biodegradability, biocompatibility, mucoadhesive properties, pH sensitivity, and capacity to interact with other biopolymers make it an inventive option. These properties allow chitosan-based carriers to adjust Drug release in response to environmental stimuli, improve targeted delivery, and increase drug stability. The chitosan features pertinent to drug delivery are reviewed in this paper, including its pH-dependent solubility, capacity to attach to mucosal surfaces, and enzymatic breakdown into non-toxic metabolites. The effectiveness of key mechanisms, including hydrogel formation and Micro/nanoparticle encapsulation, in preserving therapeutic substances and permitting regulated release is highlighted. Chitosan-based drug delivery system applications in oral, ocular, nasal, pulmonary, wound healing, and cancer therapies are also reviewed. This study highlights the revolutionary role of chitosan in modern medicine by analyzing present problems and new potential. It provides insights into how chitosan can change drug delivery and improve therapeutic efficacy across a range of clinical domains.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Epidemiology, Etiopathogenesis and Current Treatment Approaches

2025-03-31T19:45:42+03:00

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common and chronic gastrointestinal disorder involving interactions between the gut and the brain. IBS is characterized by symptoms such as recurrent abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, and bloating. Although the etiopathogenesis of the disease is not fully understood, it is known that changes in the gut microbiota, low-grade inflammation, visceral sensitivity, and gut-brain axis dysfunction play an important role. The ROME IV criteria are used as the basis for the diagnosis of IBS, and the duration and characteristics of the symptoms are among the main determinants. IBS is clinically divided into four subtypes: predominantly constipated (IBS-C), predominantly diarrheal (IBS-D), mixed type (IBS-M), and unclassifiable (IBS-U). Treatment approaches are individualized and include various methods such as dietary and lifestyle changes, pharmacological treatments, and therapies targeting the gut microbiota. In recent years, studies on the effectiveness of gut microbiota-based treatments and neuromodulatory drugs in the management of IBS have increased. Additionally, peppermint oil, Iberogast, and other herbal products are increasingly being investigated for their potential benefits in relieving IBS symptoms. This review aims to comprehensively address the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, current treatment approaches, and the role of herbal therapies in IBS.

Chemical Contents, Plant Disease and Biopharmaceutical Applications of Persea americana Mill.: Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Values

2025-04-04T19:00:26+03:00

The discovery of active substances in plants has positioned pharmacology as one of the most rapidly developing fields. The fundamental reason for the widespread use of plants lies in the human fascination with natural products. This study compiles the traditional uses, biological activities, cosmetic industry applications, plant diseases, chemical composition, phenolic content, and total phenolic and total flavonoid values of Persea americana. In traditional usage, the fruit portion of the avocado has been predominantly favored. Its applications, particularly in the realm of skincare, are widespread within the cosmetic industry. A primary factor contributing to this prevalence is the avocado's high vitamin E content. Evaluations of biological activity studies indicate a significant value in terms of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Literature reviews reveal that the majority of research on plant diseases focuses on fungal conditions, which are also noted to cause substantial economic losses. It has been observed that the major components in the chemical content of the leaf part of the avocado plant are estragole, β-caryophyllene, 2-(8Z,11Z)-8,11-heptadecadiene-furan, and methyl eugenol. A review of the literature reveals that the common phenolic compounds found in the seed, fruit, and leaf parts of the avocado plant include rutin, procyanidin, catechin, caffeic acid, epicatechin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, and vanillic acid. It is believed that our study will contribute to future research on avocado and other tropical products, particularly in the field of pharmacology.

Cancer Trends in Iran: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Preventive Strategies - A mini review

2025-03-31T19:43:58+03:00

Cancer has emerged as a severe public health problem in Iran, with drastically rising rates of incidence and mortality over the last decades. Aging population, lifestyle, environmental pollution, and limited access to early diagnosis facilities are among the leading factors in the widening cancer burden. This mini-review will provide an overview of cancer epidemiology in Iran, identify the key risk factors, and summarize the challenges of cancer prevention and control. The most prevalent cancers among the Iranian population are digestive tract cancers, breast cancer, and lung cancer. Modifiable risk factors such as smoking, poor diets, and opium use are accountable for increases in cancer incidence. Moreover, limited cancer screening services and inequalities in healthcare access exacerbate the condition, leading to late cancer detection and poor prognosis. Preventive strategies, including increased national screening services, awareness among the public, and changes in lifestyle, are significant in curbing the cancer burden. Despite the challenges, Iran's health sector is attempting to increase prevention and treatment of cancer through research and policy. However, more investment in research, public health education, and healthcare infrastructure is needed to achieve effective control of cancer and to reduce the cancer burden on the Iranian population.

Methods of increasing the productivity of phytomeliorants for the growth of saline lands

2025-02-25T00:55:05+03:00

Plants are valuable species of the earth. The methods of optimal artificial regulation of plant genesis are still unknown, which can lead to their maximum productivity without pathogenic consequences. Methods for the productivity of plants and soil are necessary and regulate photosynthesis, periodicity and dynamics of growth and nitrogen exchange. The reason for the vegetation crisis is the diversity and different orientations of the pathological phenomena. Pathological phenomena are combined into three categories: pathological reactions, pathological processes and diseases. The most dangerous cases are violations that lead to the complete or partial disappearance of some plant species. Destruction of plants can be related not only to human anthropogenic activities, but also to some natural disasters. The most important of them is physical destruction for agriculture and forestry purposes. Plant breeding is measures to improve the state of the environment through the production or maintenance of plant communities.

Decontamination of soil with natural sorbents bentonite

2025-03-31T18:00:56+03:00

As it is known, the main sources of pollution that have a great impact on natural geosystems are anthropogenic (industry, transport, energy, various wastes, etc.) and natural (volcanic eruptions, fires, various kinds of waves, etc.) factors. But despite this, targeted comprehensive studies of the impact of pollutants from enterprises of the transport complex, including railway, on the environment, both at the regional and national levels, have not been fully studied. The research study describes the physical and chemical properties of bentonite clay from the Urangai deposit in the South Kazakhstan region. We have conducted several experimental studies and collected materials on the characteristics of the Urangai bentonite clay deposit in the Turkestan region, which was previously given insufficient attention and which has not yet found widespread practical use, although it was explored in 1972, the volume of bentonite clay is about 6,8 million m³. Clay reserves in this area are estimated at at least one million cubic meters

Planktonic Diatoms of Atatürk Dam Lake (Adıyaman, Turkey): A Study of Diversity and Ecological Patterns

2025-03-31T19:45:06+03:00

This study investigated the planktonic algae community and its relationship with key physical and chemical parameters in Atatürk Dam Lake, located in Adıyaman province, between March and November 2020. Planktonic diatoms are an essential component of freshwater ecosystems, playing a crucial role in primary production and nutrient cycling. A total of 19 taxa of planktonic diatoms were identified during the research period. The diatoms exhibited their highest growth during the summer months, coinciding with increased light availability and higher water temperatures, with the highest surface water temperature recorded as 25°C in August. The dissolved oxygen levels were highest in March (8.9 mg/L) and lowest in the summer months, with a direct inverse relationship between temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration. Among the identified diatom genera, Cymbella (4 taxa), Gomphonema, Nitzschia (3 taxa), and Navicula and Surirella (2 taxa each) were the most diverse and abundant in terms of frequency of occurrence and population size within the planktonic diatom community. These findings underscore the seasonal dynamics of planktonic diatoms and their significant role in the ecosystem of Atatürk Dam Lake. This study adds valuable information to the understanding of the lake’s algal flora and its potential for future ecological monitoring.

Effects of Hybrid and Double Cross Maize Planting on Yield and Yield Components under Amik Plain Conditions

2025-05-26T22:40:58+03:00

This study presents a field parameters conducted under the conditions of the Amik Plain, focusing on the commonly cultivated P1541 maize variety. The parameters examined different planting models involving hybrid and double cross maize types. Five distinct planting models were used: hybrid (H), double cross (DC), and three hybrid-double cross mixtures at varying ratios (25% DC + 75% H, 50% DC + 50% H, 75% DC + 25% H). The experiments were laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Yield-related traits such as plant height, stem diameter, first cob height, cob heigh, cob diameter, number of grain per cob, cob weight, grain weight per cob, and thousand-grain weight were evaluated. While significant variations were observed in some parameters (cob diameter, cob weight, and grain weight), differences in other parameters such as stem diameter, cob height, and thousand-grain weight were found to be statistically insignificant. According to field data and statistical analyses, the PH and 25% DC + 75% H combinations demonstrated superior performance in terms of plant height, cob weight, and overall yield. Notably, the 25% DC + 75% H combination provided balanced and high results across key yield components. In conclusion, combining double cross plantings with suitable genetic combinations may significantly improve maize yield and help make up for the high cost of hybrid seeds. To establish definitive recommendations, these studies should be conducted over a two-year period.

Statistical Approach to Covid-19 for Future Implications with Reference to Pakistan

2025-05-11T19:52:31+03:00

COVID-19 was a serious health problem that caused many physical and psychological health consequences among the masses, particularly in Pakistan. This research study aimed to assess the total ratio of COVID-19 and its effects from 2020 to 2022 in Pakistan. The Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, as a statistical model, was applied, and thus time series data of the past three years were collected from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Pakistan Health Commission and examined. Based on an analysis of serious time data from the previous three years, from 2020 to 2022. Based on the data analysis, the researcher concluded that COVID-19 was a severe health concern that affected 1.5 million people in Pakistan in one year. In addition, the researcher also concluded that the death ratio of COVID-19 was lower in Pakistan than in other countries, according to the data coming from the globalCOVID-199 pandemic during the first three years. Similarly, based on the conclusion, the researcher recommended that preventive measures, such as cleanliness, using a balanced diet and exercise, should be performed to avoid COVID-19 and other chronic health complications.

The Effects of Symptomatic Bacterial Vaginosis in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy on Pregnancy Outcome

2025-08-08T10:47:54+03:00

A prospective cohort study was designed to evaluate the correlation between the presence of bacterial vaginosis and pregnancy outcomes. 192 pregnant women in the second trimester of pregnancy with vaginal discharge were included in the study.The study group consisted of 50 pregnant women positive for the presence of bacterial vaginosis. 138 pregnant women without bacterial vaginosis constituted the control group and both groups were compared in respect to the pregnancy outcomes. Neither the timing of the delivery nor the presence of chorioamnionitis, wound infections or postpartum endometritis showed a statistically significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). The incidences of both preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes were found to be significantly higher in the group of patients with bacterial vaginosis (p <0.05). The presence of bacterial vaginosis in the second trimester of pregnancy increases the rates of premature rupture of membranes as well as preterm labor. Other complications of pregnancy exhibited a somewhat similar increase in number however these figures were statistically insufficient to prove a significant correlation inbetween. We suppose that a new study group of a substantially larger scale will demonstrate a significant increase in these complications as well.